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  You can also increase your quantity of sleep by adding a short nap to your daily schedule. Don’t laugh; naps are my secret productivity weapon. I take one every day after lunch, and it keeps me fresh and alert all afternoon. Just don’t nap longer than twenty or thirty minutes, or you may have a hard time waking up and you’ll feel groggy, not reinvigorated. There’s a long list of leaders, artists, scientists, and others who have improved their performance by strategic napping. To name just a few: Winston Churchill, Douglas MacArthur, John F. Kennedy, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Thomas Edison.18 Don’t be surprised if it takes a while to get the hang of it. “Like skydiving, napping takes practice,” says essayist Barbara Holland.19

  As for quality, there are several ways to improve that as well. Studies unanimously show that turning off all your screens (TV, phone, tablet, computer, and so on) an hour before bedtime can dramatically improve your sleep. Be intentional about your sleep environment by adding blackout shades, lowering the room temperature, and using white noise from a sound machine, phone app, or simply an electric fan in your bedroom.20 Small changes can make a huge difference, leaving you more refreshed and energized as you climb out of bed.

  Practice 2: Eat

  The food we eat makes an immediate, long-lasting, and powerful impact on our energy levels. There’s a reason athletes are so vigilant about their intake. The best productivity system in the world can’t help you if you are starving your body of the nutrients it needs to run at peak efficiency.

  Just consider lunch. A 2012 workplace survey by Right Management found just one in five employees gets away from their desks for lunch. Another two in five eat some food at their desks. But almost 40 percent of workers and managers eat lunch “only from time to time” or “seldom, if ever.”21 We can treat lunch like an interruption, but the truth is that it pays big dividends in expanding energy. On the other hand, skipping a midday meal can leave us drowsy, foggy, and fatigued.

  Leaving our desks for a meal also pays creative dividends. “Creativity and innovation happen when people change their environment, and especially when they expose themselves to nature-like environments,” says Kimberly Elsbach, an expert in workplace psychology at UC Davis Graduate School of Management. She argues that “staying inside, in the same location, is really detrimental to the creative process. It’s also detrimental to doing the rumination that’s needed for ideas to percolate and gestate and allow a person to arrive at an ‘aha!’ moment.”22 Missing lunch means you’re sacrificing breakthrough moments that could take your organization to the next level in exchange for the unbroken monotony of calls and meetings and spreadsheets and emails.

  Of course, the conversation about what does or doesn’t constitute a healthy diet could go in a hundred different directions, and all of them are outside the scope of this book. However, I will share a few pieces of advice if you’ve never made a priority of healthy eating.

  First, natural foods such as vegetables, fruits, nuts, and meats are better choices than practically anything you’ll find in a package. If you can’t pronounce the ingredients or it’s loaded with sugar, you might want to think twice. And be mindful when eating out; menus rarely say anything about the quality of the ingredients used.

  Second, don’t assume you know what a healthy diet looks like if you haven’t studied the subject for yourself. The road to poor nutrition is paved with assumptions people make about what are and are not wise food choices. People are too often misled by products falsely advertised as “healthy,” “low fat,” or other splashy blurbs marketers throw onto packaged foods. The government’s recommended eating plan itself has changed over the years, and it is constantly scrutinized, critiqued, and criticized by many health professionals. Knowing what you should eat can be tricky, so do your research and find what works best for you.

  Third, be mindful of what you drink. So-called energy drinks, soda, and many other beverages can leave you more depleted than you felt before drinking them, despite the short-term sugar rush you may feel. It’s best to stick with water as much as possible.

  Fourth, research a nutritional supplement protocol for yourself. Supplements help make up for nutritional deficiencies in our diets. In terms of my personal energy level, I pay special attention to vitamin B12 and vitamin D. Both of these play a huge role in helping me manage stress and feel more energetic.

  Fifth, it’s also important who you eat with. Meals are a tremendous way of building relationships. Meals aren’t just about refueling. They’re about joy and connection as well. Just like spending quality time in bed, spending quality time at the table is key for productivity.

  Practice 3: Move

  Too often we tell ourselves we don’t have enough energy to exercise, but exercise itself is an energizer. It gives more than it takes. In fact, few things have as direct an impact on our energy levels as a decent workout. If you get moving early, it will pay huge dividends all day long.

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Only a few lifestyle choices have as large an impact on your health as physical activity.”23 A regular exercise routine has been tied to weight control, lower stress, vitality, increased energy, reduced risk of heart disease and cancer, and overall improved quality and length of life. Plus, you can achieve these benefits without spending hours a day in the gym. The CDC says, “You can put yourself at lower risk of dying early by doing at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity.”24 That’s less than twenty-five minutes a day of some physical activity. Even a brisk walk after lunch can help you take huge strides in improving your health, losing and maintaining your weight, improving your sleep, and boosting your energy levels.

  Exercise doesn’t just strengthen your body; it strengthens your mind as well. Physical activity primes our brains to operate at a higher level. Writing in the Washington Post, journalist Ben Opipari explains, “A single workout can immediately boost higher-order thinking skills, making you more productive and efficient as you slog through your workday. When you exercise your legs, you also exercise your brain; this means that a lunchtime workout can improve your cognitive performance. . . . It improves executive function, a type of higher-order thinking that allows people to formulate arguments, develop strategies, creatively solve problems and synthesize information.” And again, this doesn’t have to take a lot of time. Opipari says, “As little as twenty minutes of aerobic exercise at 60 to 70 percent of your maximum heart rate is enough.”25

  I don’t usually suggest quick-and-dirty hacks when it comes to productivity, but if you’re looking to boost your mental and physical energy, create a prime atmosphere for reflection and problem solving, and improve your overall health all at the same time, try hitting the gym or going for a run or walk. It works.

  High-achievers are notorious for their inability to figure out how to properly balance their home life and work life. It may sound crazy, but exercise can make a huge difference here as well. You might be thinking, “How can adding one more thing to my already-packed schedule help me balance home and work life?” That’s a great question, and it’s one research has already answered. Russell Clayton, writing in the Harvard Business Review, asserts, “New research . . . demonstrates a clear relationship between physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposive . . . and one’s ability to manage the intersection between work and home.”26

  People often say they don’t have time to exercise. But research shows that people who exercise are actually better at balancing the demands of both work and home than those who skip working out.

  Clayton breaks it down to two key findings. First, he explains that “exercise reduces stress, and lower stress makes the time spent in either realm more productive and enjoyable.” Second, he notes that exercise creates a greater sense of self-efficacy, the confidence we have in our ability to get things done. Simply put, exercise lowers our stress and makes us feel strong, creating a sense that we can conquer the world. That mindset has a huge impact on h
ow we approach both our home and work responsibilities.27 It carries over into how you approach work, engage with clients and competitors, and view your ability to crush big goals. Maintaining an exercise regimen despite often-overwhelming demands on your time forces you to sharpen your self-discipline and increase your capacity for self-sacrifice. It also helps you hone your efficiency, dedication, planning, and focus to juggle competing interests and opportunities. In short, it gives you an edge in every part of your life.

  Demonstrating this point, researchers in Finland followed five thousand male twins for almost thirty years, tracking which were active and which were sedentary. They discovered regular exercise contributed to 14 to 17 percent higher long-term income levels—even between twins who have roughly the same genetic potential. The researchers concluded that exercise “make[s] people more persistent in the face of work-related difficulties, and increase[s] their desire to engage in competitive situations.”28 These traits are directly applicable in a business environment, and they add up to a massive competitive advantage in the marketplace.

  Practice 4: Connect

  We can’t talk about managing energy without talking about the effect other people have on our energy level. The people around us have the power to dramatically boost or drain our energy faster than almost anything else. You can get plenty of sleep, eat a healthy diet, and work out every day, but if you’re keeping yourself locked away from other people, not taking the time to invest in quality relationships with friends and family—or worse, hanging out with emotional vampires—you’re missing out on one of the most powerful energizers of all.

  “The undeniable reality is that how well you do in life and business depends not only on what you do and how you do it . . . but also on who is doing it with you or to you,” says psychologist Henry Cloud in The Power of the Other. Connecting this observation to managing our energy, he says, “It’s not just about managing your workload and taking breaks; it’s just as important to manage the energy sources around you.” Productivity, in other words, is interpersonal.29

  Dylan Minor, an assistant professor at Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management, demonstrated this point by studying workers at a large tech company. After identifying the high-performers, he analyzed their effect on the people around them. For the coworkers who sat within a twenty-five-foot radius of high-performers, their performance rose 15 percent, which amounted to a $1 million improvement to the bottom line.30 But as Cloud also says, “People give energy, and they take it away.”31 Minor found “negative spillover” from low-performers could have double the impact high-performers did on profits—just in the wrong direction.32

  This goes beyond your organization (those you regularly deal with at work) to include your full social circle (everyone you regularly interact with). Your coworkers, colleagues, customers, and clients play a part in your energy management, and so do friends, family members, acquaintances, parishioners, and others—even Facebook friends and Twitter followers. Some of these people come with batteries included, as I heard Dan Sullivan once say. They charge you up. Others don’t, and they drain you. Either way, they all impact your energy.

  For maximum rejuvenation, you must be intentional about these connections. A night out with friends, a getaway with your family, or a cup of coffee with a colleague can pay back huge dividends in energy and relationship capital over time. Similarly, a disagreeable political exchange with an old college friend on Facebook can drop you in a funk that lasts for hours. Cloud recommends a social audit. Are you surrounding yourself with energy producers or energy drains? Even if circumstances force you into relationships with negative people, knowing the effect they have can prevent the worst of it from rubbing off.

  I sometimes hear people say they don’t have time for friendships. Overworked people rarely do. Connection is like sleep or exercise in that way. It’s essential for high performance, but it’s one of the first things we cut when the tasks pile high. For real productivity, however, we need to prioritize people. You are a human being, not a human doing. Maybe you’ve forgotten that, but not everything can be measured by check marks on your to-do list. Many of the best things in life happen in the spaces between our tasks, in the intentional moments set aside for other people.

  Practice 5: Play

  You know the old saying “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”? It also makes Jack ineffective, uncreative, unfocused, and unproductive. Never discount the power of play in your life, no matter how many other serious things demand your time. You will always have problems to solve, deadlines to hit, and tasks to finish. That’s not going to change anytime soon. If you keep pushing fun to the back burner—maybe to some fanciful vision of a far-off retirement—you’ll miss the rejuvenating energy that play provides.

  How do I define play? It’s activity for its own sake, for fun, for connection with others, or for expressing your own creativity. It’s a game like golf or a hobby like painting. It’s wrestling with the kids or throwing a ball with your dog. It’s hiking outdoors or fishing on a trout stream. It’s adventure. It’s leisure. It’s learning to play the Native American flute (one of my favorites). It’s Frisbee at the park, swimming in the sea, and tennis on the court. It’s a guitar circle. It’s charades, checkers, board games, and jigsaw puzzles. Sometimes it involves challenge and competition. Other times it’s just goofing around. Whatever the activity or venue, play is essential to rejuvenation.

  Because play has no desired end product as such, it flows along on its own. And that’s its secret power. When you’re not working toward something, you’re free to be inefficient, which means you can step back and experiment, try new things, and imagine the world differently than it appears to be. As author Virginia Postrel says, “Play nurtures a supple mind, a willingness to think in new categories, and an ability to make unexpected associations. The spirit of play not only encourages problem solving but, through novel analogies, fosters originality and clarity.”33 Play produces creative breakthroughs.

  We all know about the habits of highly successful people, but what about their hobbies? As psychiatrist Stuart Brown says, “Work does not work without play.”34 The best and brightest already know this. Bill Gates plays tennis. He also plays bridge with Warren Buffet. Onetime Twitter exec Dick Costolo hikes, skis, and keeps bees. And Google cofounder Sergey Brin does gymnastics, bikes, and plays roller hockey.35 These sorts of activities aren’t adjacent to their success. They are part of it. US presidents George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight Eisenhower all painted. So did Winston Churchill. “Churchill’s great strength,” according to historian Paul Johnson, “was his power of relaxation,” and painting was a big part of that power. He took up the hobby during a bleak time in his career and kept at it the rest of his life—even through the worst of the Second World War. As Johnson concludes, “The balance he maintained between flat-out work and creative and restorative leisure is worth study by anyone holding a top position.”36

  The key to that kind of restoration, as Churchill himself said, is deviating from our work routines. We use our bodies and minds differently at play than at work. “A man can wear out a particular part of his mind by continually using it and tiring it, just in the same way he can wear out the elbows of his coat,” he wrote in an essay on painting, adding an important distinction:

  There is, however, this difference between the living cells of the brain and inanimate articles. . . . [T]he tired parts of the mind can be rested and strengthened, not merely by rest, but by using other parts. It is not enough merely to switch off the lights which play upon the main and ordinary field of interest; a new field of interest must be illuminated.

  He went on to say, “It is no use inviting the . . . businessman who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.”37 For rejuvenation to occur, it’s important to change things up.

  That might be one reason time in nature has such restorative power.
Taking a break from the busyness of life to engage with nature, even for a few minutes, can bring positive effects for our mental stamina and cognitive performance. In one study, people performing memory and attention tests upped their scores by 20 percent after walking through an arboretum.38 The time doesn’t have to be long. Short “micro-breaks” with nature have discernible benefits for our minds.39 But long, immersive stretches in nature offer big benefits for our creativity and problem-solving skills. After spending four days in the wild, disconnected from any sort of digital technology, students performed 50 percent better on a problem-solving test. “Our results demonstrate that there is a cognitive advantage to be realized if we spend time immersed in a natural setting,” said researchers.40

  And the positive mental effects don’t stop at brainy stuff like focus, creativity, and problem-solving. Nature improves our mood, generosity, and a lot more.41 Spending time in nature is a great way to find physical rejuvenation. I always feel relaxed when I’m unplugged and outdoors. It turns out the reason is that nature is a stress killer, which offers a cascade of other benefits, including:

  Rejuvenated physical energy

  Reduced anxiety

  Reduced muscle tension

  Decreased stress hormones